This outdated approach to modeling is often wasteful, resulting in duplicate efforts, change orders, and schedule extensions. Next, trade contractors traced over and-in many cases-heavily modified the model to achieve a fabrication level of detail. Traditionally, architects and engineers created a model of a facility and then handed it over to trade contractors. Furthermore, it stated that “companies can improve efficiency and integrate the design phase with the rest of the value chain by using building-information modeling (BIM) to create a full three-dimensional model (a ‘digital twin’)-and add further layers like schedule and cost-early in the project rather than finishing design while construction is already underway.” The report identified the digitalization of products and processes as one of the major disruptors within the construction industry. In June 2020, McKinsey & Company released a milestone executive summary, “ The next normal in construction”, examining how disruption is reshaping the construction industry.
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